Sun c' Umenie Vojny | Sun Zi Art of War (slovenský preklad)

Sun c’ - Umenie vojny

Preklad: Mgr. Bc. Vladimír Škultéty

Komentár k prekladu

Pred niekoľkými týždňami som čítal knihu Vladár od Niccola Machiavelliho a spomenul som si, že existuje kniha - Umenie vojny, v čínskej literatúre, ktorá má podobný charakter (hoci napísaná skoro 2000 rokov pred Machiavelliho Vladárom). Našiel som jej text v klasickej čínštine, vytlačil ho a keď som si uvedomil, že má po vytlačení iba jedenásť strán, rozhodol som sa, že ho skúsim zanalyzovať trošku podrobnejšie. Vymklo sa to spod kontroly a skončilo to takto:

Následne mi napadlo, že by som túto knihu, ktorá patrí medzi veľmi dôležité kníhy v histórii čínskej literatúry, preložil do slovenčiny.

V súčasnosti pracujem iba ako tlmočník čínskeho a anglického jazyka, v minulosti som ale pracoval niekoľko rokov aj ako prekladateľ a mám bakalársky titul zo sinológie. Bral som tento preklad aj ako osvieženie starých vedomostí klasickej čínštiny, tréning prekladu samotného a ako poznávací zájazd do Starovekej Číny zároveň.

Pri preklade som si pomáhal dvoma anglickými verziami tejto knihy a po jednom preklade do mandarínskej čínštiny, ruštiny a francúzštiny. Tým, že poznám tieto jazyky relatívne dobre, vrátane klasickej čínštiny, v ktorom bol originál napísaný, sa mi, zdá sa, celkom prekvapivo podarilo skombinovaním všetkých správne preložených problematických častí z rôznych prekladov a mojich vlastných (snáď) správnych vylepšení dospieť k textu, ktorý je miestami možno najpresnejším z tých, ktoré som čítal. Keďže som si pri práci s touto knihou pomáhal s vyššie spomenutými prekladmi do cudzích jazykov, často sa stalo, že čo Američan preložil presne, Francúz poplietol alebo naopak a ja som bol ten, kto to porovnal s originálom a všetko zlepil dokopy.

To samozrejme neznamená, že je moja verzia bezchybná, znamená to len, že ašpiruje na to, aby bola najpresnejšia zo všetkých, s ktorými som pracoval. 

Ospravedlňujem sa tiež za chyby a preklepy v slovenčine. Pravopisné chyby, i keď nie vážne, robím pomerne často, kvôli tomu, že po slovensky píšem a hovorím málo a tiež nemám na počítači nainštalovanú kontrolu slovenského pravopisu.

Práca s textom a preklad samotný mi trval asi desať dní, robil som ho vo voľnom čase, a preto hlavne jeho formálna stráknka medzery určite má. Ak by čitatelia našli v texte akékoľvek nepresnosti alebo návrhy ako niečo zlepšiť, budem len rád, ak ich spomenú v komentároch pod týmto článkom. Preklad je len mojim malým dobrovoľným príspevkom k akademickej sinologii a moja vďaka ostatným sinológom, ktorí často zadarmo pracujú na veľkých projektoch ako ctext.org alebo http://tls.uni-hd.de/ ktoré veľmi často využívam. Umenie vojny bolo do slovenčiny preložené aspoň dvakrát, ale jeho text nie je voľne dostupný na internete a vďaka vyššie spomenutému postupu a nepresnostiam ostatných prekladov (na ktorých sú jestvujúce slovenské preklady založené), i keď po formálnej stránke s medzerami, po obsahovej je môj preklad možno snáď o čosi lepší.

Čína je druhou najsilnejšou ekonomikou sveta a či už chceme alebo nie, bolo by dobré ju poznať viac. Ak chceme vedieť, akí Číňania naozaj sú a poznať ich kultúru, musíme v Číne nejakú dobu pobudnúť. Strávil som na Taiwane päť rokov. Po týchto piatich rokoch môžem povedať, že čínsku kultúru chápem, ale len veľmi hmlisto, pričom možno nie so najhorší pozorovateľ. Čínsky svet je podľa mňa jednoducho príliš odlišný od toho nášho, aby sa dal pochopiť čo i piatimi rokmi života v Taipei. Niekoľko osobitostí čínskej kultúry, ktorým som nerozumel, mi ale táto kniha pomohla ozrejmiť a dúfam, že pre ostatných čitateľov bude aspoň zaujímavým rozprávaním. Za všetky citáty v knihe, ktoré sú hodné spomenutia, aspoň jeden:

"Vladár nemôže len na základe svojho hnevu poslať svojich vojakov na nepriateľa a generál nemôže len preto, že sa ho niečo dotklo, ísť do boja. Hýbeme sa, keď je to pre nás výhodné, keď to pre nás výhodné nie je, čakáme. Hnev sa môže zmeniť na radosť a to, že sa nás niečo dotklo sa môže zmeniť na dobrý pocit, ale zničená krajina nemôže opäť povstať a mŕtvi nemôžu opäť ožiť."

Košice, 27.8.2018

Sun c’ - Umenie vojny

Osnovanie plánov

Bambusová verzia knihy Umenie vojny zo zbierky
cisára Čchien Lunga

Sun c’ povedal: Vojna, je výsostne dôležitou záležitosťou pre štát, cestou prežitia a záhuby a jej zákonitosti musia byť podrobne preskúmané. Pri robení plánov a chápaní jej podstaty, je v najzákladnejšej rovine dôležité brať ohľad na nasledovné: 1. Morálny princíp Tao 2. Nebesá 3. Zem 4. Generálov 5. Systém zákonov Fa.

Pokiaľ ide o morálny princíp Tao, vďaka nemu budú mať vojaci rovnaké ciele ako ich vyšší dôstojníci, budú ochotní za nich zomierať, ochotní pre nich žiť a nebudú sa báť žiadneho nebezpečenstva. Pokiaľ ide o nebesá, tie ovládajú Jin a Jang, chlad a teplo a štyri ročné obdobia. Pokiaľ ide o zem, pri nej rolišujeme to, čo je ďaleké a blízke, nebezpečné a bezpečné, široké a úzke, v čom je život a v čom nie. Pokiaľ ide o generálov, tí môžu byť múdri, dôveryhodní, ľudskí, smelí a prísni. Pokiaľ ide o systém zákonov Fa, ten sa týka organizácie armády, správneho nastavenia systému hodností a kontroly výdavkov.

Sorma by Sezen Aksu | Cover by Peter Jendrichovsky and Vladimir Skultety

Hello everyone,

I just wanted to share a little piece me and my friend recorded in his house in the north of Slovakia. It is our cover of the beautiful Sorma song by Sezen Aksu. It was impossible to play it as nicely as the original, but we tried :)

My friend used to be one of the best classical guitarists in Slovakia and it was an honor to have him as my teacher when I was young as well as playing this song with him now. I've been playing the guitar since I was 14, almost completely stopped at one point but I am slowly starting to practice again and hope to completely get back into it again someday.  

Have a nice day,

Vladimir

My student's key takeaways

Hello everyone,

even though I try hard in my videos and in the articles I write to explain how I am learning languages, I don’t always succeed:) The reason is I’m too deep in the whole process and have been learning languages for so long that everything seems natural and when someone asks me to tell that person what I do, I start explaining stuff from the middle, talk about things I find important and do not necessarily transfer the key premises or elements my learning is based on.

That is why I love when there is someone else who can summarize what I do :) There is a nice Chinese idiom for this

旁觀者清

“Those, observing from the side see things more clearly (than those involved in whatever they are doing).”

Interview for gaudeo.sk

We all know what the word polyglot means. Do you consider yourself to be a polyglot? When did you find out that you have a talent for languages? What is your motivation when it comes to language learning? Is language learning something that fulfills you?

A polyglot is a person who speaks several languages, so technically a polyglot is already someone who speaks two. In reality, since there are a lot of opinions on how many languages and at what level a person has to speak in order to be considered a polyglot, it’s more complicated. I think that the lower limit is six languages at a C1 level.

For me personally, the word polyglot was always also associated with praise and to this day I have a problem to talk about myself like that. 

When it comes to when I realized I had a talent for languages, again, it’s a complicated question, because to talk like this about yourself is not easy, but I think I discovered it very early. Probably when I was about 6 or 7 years old. My motivation is most probably interest in foreign languages and foreign cultures in general.

How long does it take you to learn a new language? Lets say an easier one. How do you choose which language you are going to learn next?

Understanding Chinese Characters

Learn to recognize 70% of Chinese characters you encounter in a few weeks.

Maybe you want to learn Chinese characters but don’t know where to begin. Or maybe you’ve started studying Chinese characters but found them difficult to remember. Or maybe you would like to have deeper knowledge about Chinese characters that is historically accurate but not overly academic.

Understanding Chinese Characters helps you understand Chinese characters for what they really are, combining the best modern Chinese character academic research with the best learner experience.

This book will give you a firm foundation in how Chinese characters are put together so that you have a deep understanding not only of the characters in the book but also countless other characters that you are likely to come across. You won’t be memorizing endless mnemonics to master each character—you’ll understand how each character sounds and what it means, based on its structure and history.

Books about Chinese characters are either very difficult to read, because they've been written by researchers and are not intended for the everyday learner, or are very reader-friendly and appealing like Chineasy, but are also very imprecise, incomplete, impractical and just frustrating.

Understanding Chinese Characters is easy to read and yet as accurate as the latest academic research allows.

Word sculpting

What is word sculpting?

Word sculpting is a way of learning words from top to bottom, slowly removing layers of difficulty on all levels. I started calling it like this for the lack of a better name, but it is pretty accurate actually. 

Imagine you're somewhere at a beginner - intermediate level in Mandarin Chinese and you'd like to learn the Mandarin word for 'situation'.

You ask your friend and they say the word situation in Mandarin is: qíng kuàng

You could either stress your brain and try to remember everything about the word perfectly on your first try - every sound, every aspiration, intonation, tones, word usage etc., or you could break the process down into steps:

Relax and just remember whatever you can in the first step. Lets say, you will only remember that there is an 'i' in the first word and an 'a' in the second:

Step 1: .i.. ..a..

The next time you have to say the word maybe you'll have an easy time recalling the 'i' and the 'a' and in addition you will think: Oh yeah, the first syllable started with an aspirated q sound:

Step 2: qi.. ..a..

List of UN country names in Chinese and their meanings

Recently I made a video which was a part of my Experimental Chinese videocourse teaching Mandarin Chinese without characters and without tones to complete beginners and someone asked a question about the story behind the word 美国 (the Chinese name for USA) in the comments. A discussion followed and since I love etymology, I thought it would be a good idea to write an article about the names of all countries in Chinese. (All UN member countries to be precise)

There are 4 types of country names in Chinese:

1. Names that have a meaning in Chinese (中國，日本，冰島)
2. Phonetic transcripts with no meaning in Chinese (斯洛伐克，捷克）
3. Names that are a combination of 1. and 2. （ 安地卡及巴布達， 白俄羅斯）
4. Abbreviations 
1. Abbreviations of longer 2. type country names（印尼， 阿根廷）
2. Abbreviations of longer 3. type country names（美國，德國，法國，澳洲 etc.)

1. Names that have a meaning in Chinese

中国  China (Zhōngguó)

中 means 'center' and 国 means 'country'. The most common way of translating this name is Middle kingdom, it is however not entirely correct. The term 中国 originally referred to kingdoms (plural) on the central Chinese plain in Ancient China that were collectively related to each other through the same Ancient Chinese culture and related languages. Equally, they were labeled Central kingdoms as opposed to the barbarian states and nations around them. Only later the name shifted from Central kingdoms to Middle kingdom.

Experimental Chinese - Lesson 1 | No characters, no tones

Translation

Hi, hello,
I am a Law school student,
My name is Wang Yinghong,
but you can call me A Hong.

Vocabulary

Hai = hi
ni hao = hello
wo = me, I
shi = to be
falü xi = department of law, law school
de = apostrophe "s", of the kind
jiao = to call
jiu keyi le = it's good like that

One of the reasons why Mandarin Chinese is so difficult to learn is that there are too many things students have to deal with as beginners. We have the structure of the language which is very difficult in itself, but then in addition to that, there is the very challenging pronunciation, especially tones, Chinese characters, a ton of words students have to learn, unpredictable syntax, cultural aspects of the language etc. All of this makes the language very challenging. It's almost as if a person who's never been to the gym before would be asked to benchpress 150 Kg on their first try.

Top 150 most useful frequent nouns

The following is the list of the top 150 most frequent, most common and most useful nouns to learn when learning a foreign language and its Italian translation.

It is based on about 5 different vocabulary frequency lists and my personal word lists which contain words that were occurring organically when I was learning languages from scratch or improving the languages I knew (Persian, Serbian, Polish, Cantonese, Spanish, Hungarian, French). This list contains only the most important nouns from all of these lists, that give you most language coverage, re-arranged so that they would roughly be ordered from the most useful, most general ones downwards.

I also worked on English, Spanish, Italian, French, Romanian, Portuguese, German, Mandarin Chinese (simplified and traditional), Russian (Cyrillic and Latin), Slovak, Hungarian and a Romance combo noun frequency list.

Buy other noun lists here

Learning to code and language learning parallels

Recently I started to learn how to use the programing language Python. Language learning and learning how to code are two different skill sets but are connected in many ways - not the least in that you need to ‘learn’ both.

Key takeaways from learning how to start using the programing language Python that can be used in learning how to start using a real language too (absolute beginner level):

• Learn from top to bottom. (Start with the general idea, don’t get lost in small details)
• Learn in small chunks
• First see/hear the chunk, then read about it. (First see the small chunk in use, then read about the theory/listen to the explanation related to it. )
• Learn by looking at someone who already knows the things/concepts you need to learn = work with a teacher
• It's very frustrating and takes forever to work yourself through whatever course/tutorial/manual you can find to get to what you actually need. A teacher sitting next to you is absolutely crucial for lightning speed progress
• Analyze how your teacher uses the concepts you need to learn until you realize what's going on = reach an aha! moment
• Practice your small Aha! moment chunks until they become automatic
• Review so you: 1. don’t forget 2. store the chunks deeper and deeper into your automatic memory
• Move on to another chunk and repeat the above
• Build on aha! chunks: combine, substitute, and then repeat the automation process
• Only learn chunks that are absolutely necessary (or are an integral part of what you need)
• Learn by looking at practical examples
• Copy something someone already did and adjust it to your needs.
• Your time is precious: only look for explanations or work with teachers who know what you’re trying to learn. Look for explanations that are short and effective and explained by someone who has invested their time in making sure the student understands what the teacher is saying and is making real progress. Avoid explanations and teachers who only lump everything they know onto the student, having the student deal with the whole lump on their own
• Rant: Stay far away from teachers whose main concern is to manifest their ego by showing you how intelligent they are and not to make sure you actually make real progress :)
• To teachers:
• Explain only that what is necessary - do not deviate away from the explanation, don’t explain alternatives, exceptions, other possible functions, the history of this or that thing.. only if absolutely necessary
• Every time you can, explain using things the student can relate to (use metaphors, known concepts, real life examples etc.)
• Use as little unknown concepts and unknown or difficult words in your explanation as you can
• Show instead of explain
• When explaining something, don’t talk about all possible ways of doing/saying this or that particular thing. Don’t even say there is another possibility of doing so. It will only confuse/add options which a beginner will find overwhelming. Talk only about your one most preferred way or the way most people prefer.